Traditional gas-boiler systems typically run at 82°C/71°C, giving radiators a large temperature difference from a 20°C room and therefore a high heat-transfer rate. Heat pump systems, often designed for 45°C flow and 40°C return, have a much smaller temperature difference, so radiators deliver less heat. For this reason, radiators must be correctly sized for low-temperature operation. Double or triple panels, fan-assisted units, or tall radiators may be needed, always check their output at reduced temperatures.
Underfloor Heating
UFH operates at even lower temperatures than radiators. Pipe length and spacing must be designed to meet the room’s heat loss while keeping floor surface temperatures below 29°C in living areas and 35°C in bathrooms. Floor coverings, especially carpets, will also affect heat output.
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